WORLD Policy Analysis Center

Does legislation explicitly prohibit indirect discrimination on the basis of gender expression?

The term “gender expression” includes terms such as “gender-related appearance or mannerisms”.

Indirect discrimination indicates a prohibition of imposing standards, criteria, or other requirements that disproportionately impact persons on the basis of sexual orientation and have the effect of discrimination on this basis. In these cases, legislation either explicitly prohibits indirect discrimination, or prohibits the imposition of unreasonable requirements that particularly disadvantage persons on the basis of gender expression. Legislative prohibitions of indirect discrimination may extend across any aspect of work, or specific aspects of work such as hiring.

No prohibition means that legislation does not take an explicit approach to prohibiting indirect discrimination on the basis of gender expression. This does not mean that legislation denies this guarantee.

General prohibition of indirect discrimination means that legislation prohibits indirect discrimination generally— for example, by prohibiting indirect discrimination based on “any status” or stating no worker may be indirectly discriminated against. This general prohibition is not specifically extended on the basis of gender expression.

Yes, prohibition on the basis of gender expression means that legislation extends an explicit prohibition of indirect discrimination on the basis of gender expression.

Countries

Afghanistan - No indirect discrimination provisions

Algeria - No indirect discrimination provisions

Angola - No indirect discrimination provisions

Antigua and Barbuda - No indirect discrimination provisions

Argentina - No indirect discrimination provisions

Austria - No indirect discrimination provisions

Bahamas - No indirect discrimination provisions

Bahrain - No indirect discrimination provisions

Bangladesh - No indirect discrimination provisions

Barbados - No indirect discrimination provisions

Belarus - No indirect discrimination provisions

Belize - No indirect discrimination provisions

Benin - No indirect discrimination provisions

Bhutan - No indirect discrimination provisions

Bolivia - No indirect discrimination provisions

Botswana - No indirect discrimination provisions

Brazil - No indirect discrimination provisions

Brunei - No indirect discrimination provisions

Bulgaria - No indirect discrimination provisions

Burkina Faso - No indirect discrimination provisions

Cambodia - No indirect discrimination provisions

Cameroon - No indirect discrimination provisions

Canada - No indirect discrimination provisions

Cabo Verde - No indirect discrimination provisions

Central African Republic - No indirect discrimination provisions

Chad - No indirect discrimination provisions

Chile - No indirect discrimination provisions

China - No indirect discrimination provisions

Colombia - No indirect discrimination provisions

Comoros - No indirect discrimination provisions

Republic of the Congo - No indirect discrimination provisions

Democratic Republic of the Congo - No indirect discrimination provisions

Costa Rica - No indirect discrimination provisions

Cote d'Ivoire - No indirect discrimination provisions

Cuba - No indirect discrimination provisions

Cyprus - No indirect discrimination provisions

Czech Republic - No indirect discrimination provisions

Djibouti - No indirect discrimination provisions

Dominica - No indirect discrimination provisions

Dominican Republic - No indirect discrimination provisions

Ecuador - No indirect discrimination provisions

Egypt - No indirect discrimination provisions

El Salvador - No indirect discrimination provisions

Equatorial Guinea - No indirect discrimination provisions

Eritrea - No indirect discrimination provisions

Estonia - No indirect discrimination provisions

Ethiopia - No indirect discrimination provisions

France - No indirect discrimination provisions

Gabon - No indirect discrimination provisions

The Gambia - No indirect discrimination provisions

Germany - No indirect discrimination provisions

Ghana - No indirect discrimination provisions

Greece - No indirect discrimination provisions

Greenland - No indirect discrimination provisions

Grenada - No indirect discrimination provisions

Guatemala - No indirect discrimination provisions

Guinea - No indirect discrimination provisions

Guinea-Bissau - No indirect discrimination provisions

Guyana - No indirect discrimination provisions

Haiti - No indirect discrimination provisions

Honduras - No indirect discrimination provisions

India - No indirect discrimination provisions

Indonesia - No indirect discrimination provisions

Iran - No indirect discrimination provisions

Iraq - No indirect discrimination provisions

Ireland - No indirect discrimination provisions

Israel - No indirect discrimination provisions

Italy - No indirect discrimination provisions

Jamaica - No indirect discrimination provisions

Japan - No indirect discrimination provisions

Jordan - No indirect discrimination provisions

Kazakhstan - No indirect discrimination provisions

Kenya - No indirect discrimination provisions

Kiribati - No indirect discrimination provisions

Democratic People's Republic of Korea - No indirect discrimination provisions

Republic of Korea - No indirect discrimination provisions

Kuwait - No indirect discrimination provisions

Kyrgyzstan - No indirect discrimination provisions

Lebanon - No indirect discrimination provisions

Lesotho - No indirect discrimination provisions

Liberia - No indirect discrimination provisions

Libya - No indirect discrimination provisions

Liechtenstein - No indirect discrimination provisions

Luxembourg - No indirect discrimination provisions

Madagascar - No indirect discrimination provisions

Malawi - No indirect discrimination provisions

Malaysia - No indirect discrimination provisions

Maldives - No indirect discrimination provisions

Mali - No indirect discrimination provisions

Marshall Islands - No indirect discrimination provisions

Mauritania - No indirect discrimination provisions

Mauritius - No indirect discrimination provisions

Mexico - No indirect discrimination provisions

Micronesia, Federated States of - No indirect discrimination provisions

Monaco - No indirect discrimination provisions

Morocco - No indirect discrimination provisions

Mozambique - No indirect discrimination provisions

Myanmar - No indirect discrimination provisions

Namibia - No indirect discrimination provisions

Nauru - No indirect discrimination provisions

Nepal - No indirect discrimination provisions

New Zealand - No indirect discrimination provisions

Nicaragua - No indirect discrimination provisions

Niger - No indirect discrimination provisions

Nigeria - No indirect discrimination provisions

Oman - No indirect discrimination provisions

Pakistan - No indirect discrimination provisions

Palau - No indirect discrimination provisions

Panama - No indirect discrimination provisions

Papua New Guinea - No indirect discrimination provisions

Paraguay - No indirect discrimination provisions

The Philippines - No indirect discrimination provisions

Poland - No indirect discrimination provisions

Qatar - No indirect discrimination provisions

Romania - No indirect discrimination provisions

Rwanda - No indirect discrimination provisions

Samoa - No indirect discrimination provisions

San Marino - No indirect discrimination provisions

Sao Tome and Principe - No indirect discrimination provisions

Saudi Arabia - No indirect discrimination provisions

Senegal - No indirect discrimination provisions

Seychelles - No indirect discrimination provisions

Sierra Leone - No indirect discrimination provisions

Singapore - No indirect discrimination provisions

Solomon Islands - No indirect discrimination provisions

Somalia - No indirect discrimination provisions

South Sudan - No indirect discrimination provisions

Sri Lanka - No indirect discrimination provisions

St. Kitts and Nevis - No indirect discrimination provisions

St. Lucia - No indirect discrimination provisions

St. Vincent and the Grenadines - No indirect discrimination provisions

Sudan - No indirect discrimination provisions

Suriname - No indirect discrimination provisions

Switzerland - No indirect discrimination provisions

Syria - No indirect discrimination provisions

Tajikistan - No indirect discrimination provisions

Tanzania - No indirect discrimination provisions

Thailand - No indirect discrimination provisions

Timor-Leste - No indirect discrimination provisions

Togo - No indirect discrimination provisions

Tonga - No indirect discrimination provisions

Trinidad and Tobago - No indirect discrimination provisions

Tunisia - No indirect discrimination provisions

Türkiye - No indirect discrimination provisions

Turkmenistan - No indirect discrimination provisions

Tuvalu - No indirect discrimination provisions

Uganda - No indirect discrimination provisions

United Arab Emirates - No indirect discrimination provisions

United Kingdom - No indirect discrimination provisions

United States of America - No indirect discrimination provisions

Uruguay - No indirect discrimination provisions

Vanuatu - No indirect discrimination provisions

Venezuela - No indirect discrimination provisions

Vietnam - No indirect discrimination provisions

Yemen - No indirect discrimination provisions

Zambia - No indirect discrimination provisions

Zimbabwe - No indirect discrimination provisions

Albania - General prohibition of indirect discrimination

Armenia - General prohibition of indirect discrimination

Azerbaijan - General prohibition of indirect discrimination

Bosnia and Herzegovina - General prohibition of indirect discrimination

Burundi - General prohibition of indirect discrimination

Hungary - General prohibition of indirect discrimination

Laos - General prohibition of indirect discrimination

Latvia - General prohibition of indirect discrimination

Lithuania - General prohibition of indirect discrimination

North Macedonia - General prohibition of indirect discrimination

Moldova - General prohibition of indirect discrimination

Montenegro - General prohibition of indirect discrimination

Peru - General prohibition of indirect discrimination

Portugal - General prohibition of indirect discrimination

Russian Federation - General prohibition of indirect discrimination

Serbia - General prohibition of indirect discrimination

Slovakia - General prohibition of indirect discrimination

South Africa - General prohibition of indirect discrimination

Eswatini - General prohibition of indirect discrimination

Ukraine - General prohibition of indirect discrimination

Uzbekistan - General prohibition of indirect discrimination

Andorra - Yes, gender expression-specific prohibition

Australia - Yes, gender expression-specific prohibition

Belgium - Yes, gender expression-specific prohibition

Croatia - Yes, gender expression-specific prohibition

Denmark - Yes, gender expression-specific prohibition

Fiji - Yes, gender expression-specific prohibition

Finland - Yes, gender expression-specific prohibition

Georgia - Yes, gender expression-specific prohibition

Iceland - Yes, gender expression-specific prohibition

Malta - Yes, gender expression-specific prohibition

Mongolia - Yes, gender expression-specific prohibition

The Netherlands - Yes, gender expression-specific prohibition

Norway - Yes, gender expression-specific prohibition

Slovenia - Yes, gender expression-specific prohibition

Spain - Yes, gender expression-specific prohibition

Sweden - Yes, gender expression-specific prohibition