WORLD Policy Analysis Center

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Does the constitution explicitly guarantee citizens’ right to higher education? Right to higher education means the constitution explicitly mentions a right to higher education. These provisions may be a general right or provisions specifying higher education is free.No specific provision means that the constitution does not explicitly mention the right to higher education for all citizens. This does not mean that the constitution denies the right to higher education, but that it does not explicitly include this right. If the right to higher education is only guaranteed to specific groups of people, the country will appear as not having a relevant provision on this map.Aspirational or to be progressively realized means that the constitution protects the right to higher education, but does not use language strong enough to be considered a guarantee, or specifies that the right will be realized progressively or within a certain time period. For example, constitutions in this category might state that the country aims to protect the right to higher education or will provide free higher education within five years.Guaranteed right means that the constitution protects the right to higher education in authoritative language. For example, constitutions in this category might guarantee citizens’ right to higher education or make it the State’s responsibility to provide free higher education.Countries

Afghanistan - No specific provision

Algeria - No specific provision

Andorra - No specific provision

Angola - No specific provision

Antigua and Barbuda - No specific provision

Argentina - No specific provision

Australia - No specific provision

Austria - No specific provision

Bahamas - No specific provision

Bahrain - No specific provision

Bangladesh - No specific provision

Barbados - No specific provision

Belgium - No specific provision

Belize - No specific provision

Benin - No specific provision

Bosnia and Herzegovina - No specific provision

Botswana - No specific provision

Brunei - No specific provision

Bulgaria - No specific provision

Burkina Faso - No specific provision

Burundi - No specific provision

Cambodia - No specific provision

Cameroon - No specific provision

Canada - No specific provision

Central African Republic - No specific provision

Chad - No specific provision

Chile - No specific provision

Comoros - No specific provision

Democratic Republic of the Congo - No specific provision

Republic of the Congo - No specific provision

Costa Rica - No specific provision

Cote d'Ivoire - No specific provision

Croatia - No specific provision

Denmark - No specific provision

Djibouti - No specific provision

Dominica - No specific provision

El Salvador - No specific provision

Equatorial Guinea - No specific provision

Eritrea - No specific provision

Estonia - No specific provision

Ethiopia - No specific provision

Finland - No specific provision

France - No specific provision

Gabon - No specific provision

Germany - No specific provision

Greece - No specific provision

Greenland - No specific provision

Grenada - No specific provision

Guatemala - No specific provision

Guinea - No specific provision

Guinea-Bissau - No specific provision

Honduras - No specific provision

Iceland - No specific provision

India - No specific provision

Indonesia - No specific provision

Iraq - No specific provision

Ireland - No specific provision

Israel - No specific provision

Jamaica - No specific provision

Japan - No specific provision

Jordan - No specific provision

Kenya - No specific provision

Kiribati - No specific provision

Republic of Korea - No specific provision

Kuwait - No specific provision

Kyrgyzstan - No specific provision

Laos - No specific provision

Latvia - No specific provision

Lebanon - No specific provision

Liberia - No specific provision

Libya - No specific provision

Liechtenstein - No specific provision

North Macedonia - No specific provision

Madagascar - No specific provision

Malaysia - No specific provision

Mali - No specific provision

Marshall Islands - No specific provision

Mauritania - No specific provision

Mauritius - No specific provision

Micronesia, Federated States of - No specific provision

Monaco - No specific provision

Mongolia - No specific provision

Montenegro - No specific provision

Morocco - No specific provision

Myanmar - No specific provision

Namibia - No specific provision

Nauru - No specific provision

The Netherlands - No specific provision

New Zealand - No specific provision

Nicaragua - No specific provision

Niger - No specific provision

Palau - No specific provision

Panama - No specific provision

Papua New Guinea - No specific provision

Peru - No specific provision

The Philippines - No specific provision

Poland - No specific provision

Qatar - No specific provision

Rwanda - No specific provision

Samoa - No specific provision

San Marino - No specific provision

Saudi Arabia - No specific provision

Senegal - No specific provision

Singapore - No specific provision

Slovenia - No specific provision

Solomon Islands - No specific provision

South Sudan - No specific provision

Spain - No specific provision

Sri Lanka - No specific provision

St. Kitts and Nevis - No specific provision

St. Lucia - No specific provision

St. Vincent and the Grenadines - No specific provision

Sudan - No specific provision

Eswatini - No specific provision

Switzerland - No specific provision

Syria - No specific provision

Tajikistan - No specific provision

Thailand - No specific provision

Togo - No specific provision

Tonga - No specific provision

Trinidad and Tobago - No specific provision

Tunisia - No specific provision

Türkiye - No specific provision

Turkmenistan - No specific provision

Tuvalu - No specific provision

United Arab Emirates - No specific provision

United Kingdom - No specific provision

United States of America - No specific provision

Uzbekistan - No specific provision

Vanuatu - No specific provision

Yemen - No specific provision

Zambia - No specific provision

Bhutan - Aspirational or to be progressively realized

Cabo Verde - Aspirational or to be progressively realized

China - Aspirational or to be progressively realized

Colombia - Aspirational or to be progressively realized

Czech Republic - Aspirational or to be progressively realized

The Gambia - Aspirational or to be progressively realized

Ghana - Aspirational or to be progressively realized

Guyana - Aspirational or to be progressively realized

Iran - Aspirational or to be progressively realized

Lesotho - Aspirational or to be progressively realized

Malawi - Aspirational or to be progressively realized

Maldives - Aspirational or to be progressively realized

Malta - Aspirational or to be progressively realized

Mexico - Aspirational or to be progressively realized

Nepal - Aspirational or to be progressively realized

Nigeria - Aspirational or to be progressively realized

Pakistan - Aspirational or to be progressively realized

Paraguay - Aspirational or to be progressively realized

Sao Tome and Principe - Aspirational or to be progressively realized

Sierra Leone - Aspirational or to be progressively realized

Slovakia - Aspirational or to be progressively realized

Somalia - Aspirational or to be progressively realized

South Africa - Aspirational or to be progressively realized

Tanzania - Aspirational or to be progressively realized

Uganda - Aspirational or to be progressively realized

Uruguay - Aspirational or to be progressively realized

Vietnam - Aspirational or to be progressively realized

Zimbabwe - Aspirational or to be progressively realized

Albania - Guaranteed

Armenia - Guaranteed

Azerbaijan - Guaranteed

Belarus - Guaranteed

Bolivia - Guaranteed

Brazil - Guaranteed

Cuba - Guaranteed

Cyprus - Guaranteed

Dominican Republic - Guaranteed

Ecuador - Guaranteed

Egypt - Guaranteed

Fiji - Guaranteed

Georgia - Guaranteed

Haiti - Guaranteed

Hungary - Guaranteed

Italy - Guaranteed

Kazakhstan - Guaranteed

Democratic People's Republic of Korea - Guaranteed

Lithuania - Guaranteed

Luxembourg - Guaranteed

Moldova - Guaranteed

Mozambique - Guaranteed

Norway - Guaranteed

Oman - Guaranteed

Portugal - Guaranteed

Romania - Guaranteed

Russian Federation - Guaranteed

Serbia - Guaranteed

Seychelles - Guaranteed

Suriname - Guaranteed

Sweden - Guaranteed

Timor-Leste - Guaranteed

Ukraine - Guaranteed

Venezuela - Guaranteed