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Does the constitution explicitly protect non- citizens’ general right to education or specific right to primary education?

The right to education is considered to be explicitly protected for non-citizens when the following are explicitly granted to non-citizens or are granted in general and the constitution states that non-citizens enjoy rights on an equal basis as citizens: the right to education, the right to education at all levels, the right to compulsory education, the right to free education, and the prohibition of discrimination in education.

Education rights are explicitly reserved for citizens or restrictions permitted means the constitution explicitly reserves education rights for citizens or permits restrictions on the right to education for non-citizens. For example, the constitution may state that foreign citizens enjoy all rights except those reserved for citizens and separately state that citizens enjoy the right to education. One country (the Philippines) requires that foreigners comprise less than one-third of enrolment in schools.

No specific provision means that the constitution does not explicitly mention the right to education. This does not mean that the constitution denies this right, but that it does not explicitly include it.

Right guaranteed using citizenship language means that the constitution protects the right to education in authoritative language, but uses the word “citizen” instead of “person” to guarantee the right. For example, constitutions in this category might guarantee that education is free for citizens in public schools. This language may be interpreted to exclude non-citizens from the right to education.

Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens means that the constitution guarantees the right to education to “everyone” or “children”, but does not specifically protect non-citizens’ right to education.

Guaranteed for non-citizens means that the constitution guarantees the right to education for non-citizens in authoritative language. For example, constitutions in this category might guarantee protection from discrimination in education based on citizenship or guarantee that foreign citizens enjoy the same rights as citizens, including the right to education.

Countries

Bulgaria - Education rights are explicitly reserved for citizens or restrictions permitted

Guinea-Bissau - Education rights are explicitly reserved for citizens or restrictions permitted

Monaco - Education rights are explicitly reserved for citizens or restrictions permitted

Mongolia - Education rights are explicitly reserved for citizens or restrictions permitted

The Philippines - Education rights are explicitly reserved for citizens or restrictions permitted

Sao Tome and Principe - Education rights are explicitly reserved for citizens or restrictions permitted

Slovakia - Education rights are explicitly reserved for citizens or restrictions permitted

Slovenia - Education rights are explicitly reserved for citizens or restrictions permitted

Antigua and Barbuda - No specific provision

Australia - No specific provision

Bahamas - No specific provision

Bangladesh - No specific provision

Barbados - No specific provision

Belize - No specific provision

Bhutan - No specific provision

Botswana - No specific provision

Brunei - No specific provision

Canada - No specific provision

Democratic Republic of the Congo - No specific provision

Republic of the Congo - No specific provision

Djibouti - No specific provision

Dominica - No specific provision

Eritrea - No specific provision

Ethiopia - No specific provision

Germany - No specific provision

Grenada - No specific provision

Israel - No specific provision

Kiribati - No specific provision

Lebanon - No specific provision

Lesotho - No specific provision

Liberia - No specific provision

Malaysia - No specific provision

Malta - No specific provision

Mauritania - No specific provision

Mauritius - No specific provision

Nauru - No specific provision

Nigeria - No specific provision

Papua New Guinea - No specific provision

Samoa - No specific provision

Sierra Leone - No specific provision

Singapore - No specific provision

Solomon Islands - No specific provision

Sri Lanka - No specific provision

St. Kitts and Nevis - No specific provision

St. Lucia - No specific provision

St. Vincent and the Grenadines - No specific provision

Eswatini - No specific provision

Tanzania - No specific provision

Tonga - No specific provision

Trinidad and Tobago - No specific provision

Tuvalu - No specific provision

United States of America - No specific provision

Vanuatu - No specific provision

Zambia - No specific provision

Afghanistan - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Bahrain - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Belgium - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Brazil - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Burkina Faso - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Burundi - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Cambodia - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Cameroon - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Central African Republic - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

China - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Cyprus - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Czech Republic - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Egypt - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Equatorial Guinea - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Greece - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Guyana - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Haiti - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Hungary - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Iran - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Iraq - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Italy - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Jamaica - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Jordan - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Democratic People's Republic of Korea - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Republic of Korea - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Kuwait - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Libya - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Madagascar - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Mali - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Mozambique - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Myanmar - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Nepal - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Oman - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Palau - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Poland - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Qatar - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Rwanda - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

San Marino - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Senegal - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Seychelles - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Somalia - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

South Sudan - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Sudan - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Suriname - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Timor-Leste - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Togo - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Vietnam - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Yemen - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Algeria - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Argentina - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Armenia - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Austria - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Bosnia and Herzegovina - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Chile - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Costa Rica - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Cote d'Ivoire - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Croatia - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Denmark - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

El Salvador - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Fiji - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Finland - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

France - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Gabon - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

The Gambia - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Ghana - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Greenland - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Guatemala - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Guinea - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Honduras - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Iceland - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

India - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Indonesia - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Ireland - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Japan - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Kenya - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Latvia - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Liechtenstein - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Lithuania - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Luxembourg - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Malawi - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Maldives - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Marshall Islands - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Micronesia, Federated States of - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Montenegro - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Morocco - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Namibia - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

The Netherlands - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Norway - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Pakistan - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Panama - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Paraguay - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Peru - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Romania - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Saudi Arabia - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

South Africa - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Sweden - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Switzerland - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Syria - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Thailand - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Tunisia - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Türkiye - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Uganda - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

United Arab Emirates - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

United Kingdom - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Uruguay - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Venezuela - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Zimbabwe - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Albania - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Andorra - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Angola - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Azerbaijan - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Belarus - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Benin - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Bolivia - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Cabo Verde - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Chad - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Colombia - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Comoros - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Cuba - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Dominican Republic - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Ecuador - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Estonia - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Georgia - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Kazakhstan - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Kyrgyzstan - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Laos - Guaranteed for non-citizens

North Macedonia - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Mexico - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Moldova - Guaranteed for non-citizens

New Zealand - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Nicaragua - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Niger - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Portugal - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Russian Federation - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Serbia - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Spain - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Tajikistan - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Turkmenistan - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Ukraine - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Uzbekistan - Guaranteed for non-citizens