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Does the constitution take an explicit approach to protecting non-citizens’ right to equality at work or to decent working conditions?

The right to equality at work or to decent working conditions is considered to be protected for non-citizens when the following are explicitly granted to non-citizens or are granted in general and the constitution states that non-citizens enjoy rights on an equal basis to citizens: the right to work; protection from discrimination at work broadly or specifically in hiring, promotions, working conditions, or terminations; the right to equal pay for equal work; the right to free choice of employment; the right to adequate remuneration; the right to safe working conditions; the right to limited working hours; the right to rest; the right to paid vacation; and the right to strike.

Work rights are explicitly reserved for citizens or restrictions permitted means the constitution explicitly reserves work rights for citizens or permits restrictions on the right to work for non-citizens. For example, the constitution may state that non-citizens enjoy all rights except those reserved for citizens and separately state that citizens enjoy the right to work. Provisions that allow for preference to be given to citizens in hiring are captured separately.

No specific provision means that the constitution does not explicitly mention the right to work. This does not mean that the constitution denies this right, but that it does not explicitly include it.

Right guaranteed using citizenship language means that the constitution protects the right to work in authoritative language, but uses the word “citizen” instead of “person” to guarantee the right. For example, constitutions in this category might guarantee that citizens have the right to work. This language may be interpreted to exclude non-citizens from the right to work.

Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens means that the constitution guarantees the work rights to “everyone”, but does not specifically protect non-citizens’ right to work.

Guaranteed for non-citizens means that the constitution guarantees the right to work for non-citizens in authoritative language. For example, constitutions in this category might guarantee protection from discrimination at work based on citizenship or guarantee that foreign citizens enjoy the same rights as citizens, including the right to work.

Countries

Bahamas - Work rights are explicitly reserved for citizens or restrictions permitted

Belize - Work rights are explicitly reserved for citizens or restrictions permitted

Bulgaria - Work rights are explicitly reserved for citizens or restrictions permitted

Cabo Verde - Work rights are explicitly reserved for citizens or restrictions permitted

Chile - Work rights are explicitly reserved for citizens or restrictions permitted

Czech Republic - Work rights are explicitly reserved for citizens or restrictions permitted

Dominican Republic - Work rights are explicitly reserved for citizens or restrictions permitted

Lithuania - Work rights are explicitly reserved for citizens or restrictions permitted

Mongolia - Work rights are explicitly reserved for citizens or restrictions permitted

Slovakia - Work rights are explicitly reserved for citizens or restrictions permitted

Antigua and Barbuda - No specific provision

Australia - No specific provision

Barbados - No specific provision

Bosnia and Herzegovina - No specific provision

Botswana - No specific provision

Brunei - No specific provision

Democratic Republic of the Congo - No specific provision

Republic of the Congo - No specific provision

Denmark - No specific provision

Dominica - No specific provision

The Gambia - No specific provision

Greenland - No specific provision

Guinea-Bissau - No specific provision

India - No specific provision

Ireland - No specific provision

Jamaica - No specific provision

Kiribati - No specific provision

Lebanon - No specific provision

Lesotho - No specific provision

Malaysia - No specific provision

Malta - No specific provision

Marshall Islands - No specific provision

Mauritius - No specific provision

Micronesia, Federated States of - No specific provision

Nauru - No specific provision

Nigeria - No specific provision

Pakistan - No specific provision

Palau - No specific provision

Papua New Guinea - No specific provision

Qatar - No specific provision

Samoa - No specific provision

Sierra Leone - No specific provision

Singapore - No specific provision

Solomon Islands - No specific provision

South Sudan - No specific provision

St. Kitts and Nevis - No specific provision

St. Lucia - No specific provision

St. Vincent and the Grenadines - No specific provision

Sudan - No specific provision

Sweden - No specific provision

Tonga - No specific provision

Trinidad and Tobago - No specific provision

Tuvalu - No specific provision

United Arab Emirates - No specific provision

United Kingdom - No specific provision

United States of America - No specific provision

Vanuatu - No specific provision

Zambia - No specific provision

Afghanistan - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Austria - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Bahrain - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Bangladesh - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Belgium - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Bhutan - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Burundi - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Cambodia - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Cameroon - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Canada - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Central African Republic - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

China - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Cote d'Ivoire - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Egypt - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Equatorial Guinea - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Eritrea - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Ethiopia - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Gabon - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Greece - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Guyana - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Haiti - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Iran - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Iraq - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Italy - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Jordan - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Democratic People's Republic of Korea - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Republic of Korea - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Kuwait - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Liberia - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Libya - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Luxembourg - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Madagascar - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Maldives - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Mozambique - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Myanmar - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Nepal - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

The Netherlands - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Oman - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

San Marino - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Seychelles - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Somalia - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

South Africa - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Syria - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Timor-Leste - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Togo - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Tunisia - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Vietnam - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Yemen - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Zimbabwe - Right guaranteed using citizenship language

Algeria - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Andorra - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Armenia - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Burkina Faso - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Croatia - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Cuba - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Cyprus - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Djibouti - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Fiji - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Finland - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

France - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Germany - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Ghana - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Grenada - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Guatemala - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Guinea - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Honduras - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Hungary - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Iceland - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Indonesia - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Japan - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Kenya - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Latvia - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Liechtenstein - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Malawi - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Mali - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Mauritania - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Montenegro - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Morocco - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Namibia - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Norway - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Paraguay - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Peru - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

The Philippines - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Poland - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Romania - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Rwanda - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Saudi Arabia - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Senegal - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Sri Lanka - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Eswatini - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Switzerland - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Thailand - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Türkiye - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Uganda - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Uruguay - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Venezuela - Guaranteed right, not specific for non-citizens

Albania - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Angola - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Argentina - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Azerbaijan - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Belarus - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Benin - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Bolivia - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Brazil - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Chad - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Colombia - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Comoros - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Costa Rica - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Ecuador - Guaranteed for non-citizens

El Salvador - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Estonia - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Georgia - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Israel - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Kazakhstan - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Kyrgyzstan - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Laos - Guaranteed for non-citizens

North Macedonia - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Mexico - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Moldova - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Monaco - Guaranteed for non-citizens

New Zealand - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Nicaragua - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Niger - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Panama - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Portugal - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Russian Federation - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Sao Tome and Principe - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Serbia - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Slovenia - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Spain - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Suriname - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Tajikistan - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Tanzania - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Turkmenistan - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Ukraine - Guaranteed for non-citizens

Uzbekistan - Guaranteed for non-citizens