WORLD Policy Analysis Center

Is there at least some prohibition of discrimination at work based on race/ethnicity and gender?

The term “race/ethnicity” includes references to ‘color’, ‘clan’, ‘ethnic origin’, or ‘ethnic groups’. For the purposes of this variable, the term “race/ethnicity” captures all of these definitions.

The term ‘gender’ refers to country references to ‘gender’ or ‘sex’ or specific protections for ‘female’ or ‘women’ employees.

No explicit protection means that country legislation does not explicitly prohibit workplace discrimination on the basis of race/ethnicity nor gender broadly, nor specifically against discrimination in hiring, pay, promotions and/or demotions, training, nor terminations.

Prohibition based on race/ethnicity or gender means that country legislation does explicitly prohibit at least one of these forms of workplace discrimination on the basis of either race/ethnicity or gender (but not both characteristics).

Prohibition based on race/ethnicity and gender means that country legislation does explicitly prohibit at least one of these forms of workplace discrimination on the basis of both race/ethnicity and gender, or prohibits discrimination against women who are marginalized based on race/ethnicity.

Countries

Afghanistan - No explicit prohibition

Brunei - No explicit prohibition

Malaysia - No explicit prohibition

Micronesia, Federated States of - No explicit prohibition

Myanmar - No explicit prohibition

Nauru - No explicit prohibition

Nigeria - No explicit prohibition

Palau - No explicit prohibition

Sierra Leone - No explicit prohibition

Singapore - No explicit prohibition

Solomon Islands - No explicit prohibition

Sri Lanka - No explicit prohibition

Sudan - No explicit prohibition

Tonga - No explicit prohibition

Bangladesh - Prohibition based on gender or race/ethnicity

Chad - Prohibition based on gender or race/ethnicity

Republic of the Congo - Prohibition based on gender or race/ethnicity

Greenland - Prohibition based on gender or race/ethnicity

India - Prohibition based on gender or race/ethnicity

Jamaica - Prohibition based on gender or race/ethnicity

Japan - Prohibition based on gender or race/ethnicity

Jordan - Prohibition based on gender or race/ethnicity

Republic of Korea - Prohibition based on gender or race/ethnicity

Kuwait - Prohibition based on gender or race/ethnicity

Lebanon - Prohibition based on gender or race/ethnicity

Liechtenstein - Prohibition based on gender or race/ethnicity

Monaco - Prohibition based on gender or race/ethnicity

Oman - Prohibition based on gender or race/ethnicity

Pakistan - Prohibition based on gender or race/ethnicity

Papua New Guinea - Prohibition based on gender or race/ethnicity

Qatar - Prohibition based on gender or race/ethnicity

San Marino - Prohibition based on gender or race/ethnicity

Saudi Arabia - Prohibition based on gender or race/ethnicity

Switzerland - Prohibition based on gender or race/ethnicity

Thailand - Prohibition based on gender or race/ethnicity

United Arab Emirates - Prohibition based on gender or race/ethnicity

Albania - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Algeria - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Andorra - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Angola - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Antigua and Barbuda - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Argentina - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Armenia - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Australia - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Austria - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Azerbaijan - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Bahamas - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Bahrain - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Barbados - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Belarus - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Belgium - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Belize - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Benin - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Bhutan - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Bolivia - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Bosnia and Herzegovina - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Botswana - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Brazil - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Bulgaria - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Burkina Faso - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Burundi - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Cambodia - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Cameroon - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Canada - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Cabo Verde - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Central African Republic - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Chile - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

China - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Colombia - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Comoros - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Democratic Republic of the Congo - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Costa Rica - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Cote d'Ivoire - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Croatia - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Cuba - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Cyprus - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Czech Republic - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Denmark - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Djibouti - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Dominica - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Dominican Republic - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Ecuador - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Egypt - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

El Salvador - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Equatorial Guinea - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Eritrea - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Estonia - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Ethiopia - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Fiji - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Finland - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

France - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Gabon - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

The Gambia - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Georgia - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Germany - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Ghana - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Greece - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Grenada - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Guatemala - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Guinea - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Guinea-Bissau - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Guyana - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Haiti - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Honduras - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Hungary - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Iceland - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Indonesia - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Iran - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Iraq - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Ireland - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Israel - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Italy - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Kazakhstan - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Kenya - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Kiribati - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Democratic People's Republic of Korea - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Kyrgyzstan - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Laos - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Latvia - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Lesotho - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Liberia - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Libya - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Lithuania - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Luxembourg - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

North Macedonia - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Madagascar - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Malawi - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Maldives - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Mali - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Malta - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Marshall Islands - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Mauritania - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Mauritius - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Mexico - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Moldova - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Mongolia - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Montenegro - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Morocco - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Mozambique - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Namibia - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Nepal - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

The Netherlands - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

New Zealand - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Nicaragua - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Niger - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Norway - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Panama - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Paraguay - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Peru - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

The Philippines - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Poland - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Portugal - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Romania - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Russian Federation - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Rwanda - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Samoa - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Sao Tome and Principe - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Senegal - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Serbia - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Seychelles - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Slovakia - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Slovenia - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Somalia - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

South Africa - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

South Sudan - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Spain - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

St. Kitts and Nevis - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

St. Lucia - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

St. Vincent and the Grenadines - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Suriname - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Eswatini - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Sweden - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Syria - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Tajikistan - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Tanzania - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Timor-Leste - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Togo - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Trinidad and Tobago - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Tunisia - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Türkiye - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Turkmenistan - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Tuvalu - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Uganda - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Ukraine - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

United Kingdom - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

United States of America - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Uruguay - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Uzbekistan - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Vanuatu - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Venezuela - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Vietnam - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Yemen - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Zambia - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity

Zimbabwe - Prohibition based on gender and race/ethnicity